Lima PERU: Exported Spanish Goods were 28.43% higher at Lima; Lima Wholesale was 12% higher in Europe; Buenaventura Factor higher; unknown. France:
From Eckfeldt's Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of All Nations (1842), taking the Spanish Piastre Ag Coin-Weight was 0.8583 Ozt. (~26.697 g , 412 Grains; .900) and the French Crown Ag Coin-Weight was 0.8583 Ozt. (~28.77 g, 444 Grains; .912), so: S$ 1. = L.T. 5.4943 ; S$ 0.1820 ~ L.T. 1. ; 1 Ozt. Spanish Ag Coin (Piastre) = L.T. 6.4011 American State Papers of 1827 (ASSAYS OF FOREIGN COINS. Communicated to the Senate January 17, 1827) suggest the French Crown Ag Coin-Weight was 0.92917 Ozt. (~28.9 g, 446 Grains; .912)∴ S$ 1. = L.T. 5.5095 ; S$ 0.1815 ~ L.T. 1.
The c.1785 "Propositions respecting the coinage of gold, silver, and copper." suggest the French Crown Ag Coin-Weight was ~0.9423 Ozt. (~29.31 g, 452 Grains; .912) ∴ S$ 1. = L.T. 5.4327 ; S$ 0.1841 ~ L.T. 1.
c.1782 Robert Morris' "Diplomatic Correspondence" suggests the French Crown Ag Coin-Weight was ~0.9468 Ozt. (~29.45 g, 454.5 Grains; .912) ∴ S$ 1. = L.T. 5.40 ; S$ 0.1852 ~ L.T. 1. Where 1 Paris Marc Ag = 245.1907 Grams or 7.883 Ozt. @ L.T. 49.45, so: 1 Ozt. Spanish Ag Coin (Piastre) = L.T. 6.2729 Any Discount, likely reflecting Circulated Coinage.
The legal tolerance for 8-Reales
(1728 - 1825) was a maximum 27.2638 g and minimum 26.8646 g.
(>414.584125 Grain = Bullion.) Per Royal decree, ideal weight in
circulation was 27.0642 g (417.664423 English Grains Troy)
The maximum weight "Pillar Dollars" would have been 875.55 Ozt per 1,000; in bullion-weight,"Pillar Dollars" were legally < 863.70 Ozt per 1,000. At full Mint-Weight, uncirculated, the Spanish 8-Reales (Piastre, Dollar, Peso Duro, etc.) should weight 27.2 g. or 419.76 -420 Grains. Sir Issac Newton's report and various assays at the London Mint presumed the Regal-Weight of Spanish Mexican Dollars 870.83 Ozt per 1,000; the standard weight of said Dollars in London was 868.125 Ozt per 1,000. (-0.31% lighter, a loss of 1.3 Grains per coin); in Great Britain, the standard weight (c.1716?) of circulated "Pillar Dollars" in was declared 868.75 per 1,000. 1716: S$ 1. (Circulated, ? - 1716) = 0.86875 Ozt ;
Citation: The universal merchant: containing the rationale of commerce, in theory &c. ; William Horsley (1753) pp. In Amsterdam, 100 Marks (830.73 Ozt) S$ 2. were added to meet the standard exchange ; at the London-reported weight of Cadiz Dollars, S$ 960. = 100 Marks.
1751: 1,000 Mexican S$ Globe Dollars (Average) ~867.35 Ozt Mexico. 8-Reales, 1754 Mo-MF, MS 64: 27.11 g (~418.37 Grains)
Nearly Full Wgt, Mex. 8-Reales, 1779 Mo-FF, MS 62: 26.99 g (416.52 Grains) (1,000 Mexican S$1. from 1779 should total ~868 Ozt.)
1773: c. 176?-72: 8-Reales, Mo : Standard Wgt 26.956 g (416 Grains; 0.8665 Ozt.) 1,000 Mexican S$ Globe Dollars, Average ~866.5 Ozt Consistent through 1830
Lightly Circulated, Peru 8-Reales, 1779, MS 64: 26.90 g (415.13 Grains) (1,000 S$1. of this weight should total ~864.85 Ozt.)
c.1781: Where 560.23 Holland asses = 414.2839 Grains troy, (1,000 S$1. of this weight should total ~863.09 Ozt.)
Where 103.125 Hambourg Cologne Marcs = 24.1164 kgs;
S$1 = 0.77536 Ozt Fine Ag ; S$ 1. = 0.83828379 Ozt. (402.376 Grains) Citation: Manuel général pour les arbitrages de Changes &c. ; Anton Reiser (1800)
Where 103.125 Hambourg Cologne Marcs = 775.1563 Ozt;
S$ 1 = 0.775156 Ozt Fine Ag ; S$ 1. = 0.83806324 Ozt. (402.27 Grains)
India, Madras:1799: Where 100 Star Pagodas weighed 10.95 Ozt, .806849 Fine Au,
1799: 1 Ozt Fine Gold (Madas, India) S$ 15.06849 1802: India, Bombay:
S$ 1. was 2.25 Sicca Rupees (403.9875 Grains, .979167 Fine = 395.5711 Grains Fine Ag) ... assumed S$1 weighs 431.6 Grains (premium; not adjusted for weight loss in both coins); where obviously S$4.444 = c.1810/1 Where 73 vals = 0.89024356 ozt. (427.31691 Grains) the Spanish Dollar was overweight. c.1806:
S$ 1. (1801) = 0.867 Ozt. (416.16 Grains) .896 Fine Ag S$ 1. (1801 Coin, "very new") = 0.864916667 Ozt.
~5 years in circulation; (Avg.) Wear: 0.20 Grain, per year.
c. 1809: 8-Reales, 1765 Mo-MM: (416.5 Grains) ~43 years in circulation, (Best?) Wear: 0.081395349 Grain, per year.
1811: India, Bombay: c.1810: 1790: 8-Reales, : 416 Grains ~20 years in circulation, Average Wear: 0.1880 Grain, per year.
Kelly (1811) noted that bags of circulated Spanish Silver Dollars were calculated S$ 2. short at the standard weight. It appears Dollars were sorted by date/type! Pre-1772 Dollars were .910 Fine Ag (+1.34% better) and +2.33% more valuable; 1772-1808 were .898 Fine Ag, and discounted to market demand, presumably.
c.1816: Hypothetical? Where S$ 1,000. are 845.83 Ozt S$ 1. = 0.845833335 Ozt (406 Grains)
c.1817?:
English Assay: S$ 1. = 0.8665 Ozt, 0.890504811 Fine = Fine Ag: 0.771770835 Ozt; 370.45 Grains; ~24 g.
French Assay: S$ 1. = 0.867491456 Ozt; 416.396 Grains (26.982 g.) 0.896 Fine = Fine Ag: 0.777272345 Ozt; 373.09 Grains; 24.175872 g.
Avg Lightly Worn: 0.8665 Ozt, 415.92 Grains; 26.9511633 g. Avg "Worn": .866 Ozt, 415.68 Grains; 26.93561 g. "Worn" -0.05777 %
The US Mint weight estimate differs from the commercial weight reported by an excess of 0.282552 Grains (18.31 Milligrams) per S$ 1. Coin.
1821: S$ 1. = 0.86667445 Ozt (416.003736 Grains)
1821: S$ 1. (South American Coin) = 0.8660858 Ozt Austria, 1822???:
1827: Where 1 Ozt S$ 1. Silver 0.897916667 Fine (431 Grains Fine Ag) = USD$ 1.160943 and 1 S$ (0.897916667 Fine) = USD$ 1.00003, the S$1. weighs 413.46948 Grains (0.86139475 Ozt; 26.7923722 g. or -1.4986% loss from the true Spanish Mint Weight.
'Recent Coinage' M$ Silver Dollar of Agustín de Iturbide 1822-1824 and the Primera República Federal (1824-1827). Where M$ 100. weighed the Calcutta Sicca Weight 232.6770833, or (where 1 Rupee = 0.374305554 Ozt) 87.09 Ozt,
Where P$ 100. weighed the Calcutta Sicca Weight 231.0365, or (where 1 Rupee = 0.374305554 Ozt) 86.478 Ozt,
1828: 'Recent' P$1 (182?) = 0.864782 Ozt.
Where S$ 100. weighed the Calcutta Sicca Weight 231.25, or (where 1 Rupee = 0.374305554 Ozt) 86.558 Ozt. Given the relatively high weight recorded, it would appear 'better weight' S$ were sent to India and China
1828: Old Spanish S$1 (180?) = 0.86558 Ozt.
M$ 1. = Sa. Rs. 2.057508 P$ 1. = Sa. Rs. 2.080469
USA, 1829: Spanish Dollars "not current" : none since 1814; ~50% prior to 1792, ~90% dated from 1729-1809. Where the Spanish Dollar originally weighed 419.76, the loss ("1%") should be 4.1976 Grains. However, the US Mint/Alexander Hamilton had originally assumed the S$ weighed 416 Grains; "1%" loss reduced the S$ 1. to 411.84 Grains on average, -1.8868% below the true Spanish Mint Weight. "1%" is probably a rounded percentage!
1829: S$ 1. weighed 0.858 Ozt (411.84 grains)
9/1829: Philadelphia Mint
c.1825: Regal Weight S$ 1. (theoretical) ~0.8708 Ozt (418 grains); c.1825: "New" S$ 1. weighed 0.8675 Ozt (416.4 grains) : 1,000 = 867.5 Ozt c.1825: Circulated S$ 1. weighed 0.86458 Ozt (415 grains) : 1,000 = 864.5 Ozt USA, 5/27/1830: Theoretical par, not actual average weight of circulating S$s. 1829/30: S$ 1. weighed 0.866 Ozt (416 grains); (1,000 S$1. of this weight should total 866.65 Ozt.)
1831: Where $1,000 in Spanish +US Silver Dollars weighed 865.067 Ozt, at the assumed Wear-Rate of 0.081395349 Grain/per year from 419.75 Grains, per 8-Reales, the average years circulated would be ~53-56 years (Median: 1774.) It is more probable that lower weight ex-Colonial Pesos (nominally "Spanish Dollars") predominated ; likewise, the average years circulated should be much less. 1831: S$ 1. weighed 0.865 Ozt (415.232 grains); Citation: Thoughts on the Money and Exchanges of Lower Canada; Henry Samuel Chapman (1832)
1834: according to US Mint Master Hazard, from a small sample of circulating Pillar Dollars, S$1 weighed 414 Grains Troy. (0.8625 Ozt.)
1840: Where the Russian Mint tolerated the circulated Spanish 8-Reales at a Standard Weight of 6.30208333 Zolotnik = ~26.883 g, 414.87 Grains; 26.7182 g, 412.325 Grains (414.87 Grains Troy; 0.8643 Ozt; 26.883 Grams) the Dollar was just 23.7565 Grams (366.62 Grains; 0.7638 Ozt) Fine Ag, a loss of -2.80% Fine Silver. This can only be reconciled if the "Spanish" coins assayed had been significantly underweight, and the "standard weight" a best example. In Russia, Spanish Dollars circulating ~60 Years later were presumed -2.80% light. 1840: S$ 1. weighed 0.865 Ozt (414.87 grains);
1848: Noback recorded Spanish Dollars weighed 27.07 Grams, .9028 Fine Ag = 24.44 Grams (377.167 Grains Fine Ag)
Citation: Vollständiges taschenbuch der münz-, maass- und gewichts-verhältnisse, &c...;Christian Noback, Friedrich Eduard Noback
Madrid: Athens:
c.1818: Assumption? "866 Ozt." is given as standard for Spanish Dollars long after the coins had fallen below that weight.
c.1832: (Uncertain date, prior to 1833) Shipping Insurance Etc. Charges likely correct. Where $10,000 in
US Silver Dollars weighed 8,660 Ozt, $ 1. weighed 0.866 Ozt. This is
exceedingly high, inconsistent with a scrupulous Montreal study (1831). Citation: Calculations and statements relative to the trade between Great Britain &c; W. F. Reuss (1833)
China:
1799: Taylor's error: S$ 1. never weighed 422.53 Grains Hong Kong: 1826: 1 Tael = 1.208 Ozt, 579.84 Troy Grains 37.573 g 1829: 1 Tael = S $1.3889 1 Tael = £ 0.2778
c.1834: 1 Tael = 1.208 Ozt, 37.573 g Hong Kong, 1846:
USA, c.1840: Where 1,000 'avg weight' S$ Globe 1729-35 = 854.167 Ozt, and 1,000 'avg weight' S$ Globe 1736-71 = 856.25 Ozt, 1,000 'avg weight' S$ Globe 1772-88 = 858.33 Ozt. 1,000 'avg weight' S$ Pillar 1772-1808 = 860.42 Ozt. 1,000 'avg weight' S$ Pillar 1808-25 = 862.50 Ozt. 1844: The Mexican Dollar was assumed to weigh 0.866 Ozt and .900 Fine, and par at full weight was £ 0.25/Ozt Fine Ag; whereas the circulating coin was 0.859133 Ozt @.900, M$ 1.00 = £ 0.1933; given discrepancies the same price as the New USD Dollar Coin. Par:£ 1.00 = USD$ 5.1744 c.1844, uncertain "full weight" 1843: M$ 1. = 0.86770833 Ozt, .899 Fine Ag = 0.78007 Ozt Fine Ag 1 Tael of M$ = M$ 1.39217 (1.208 Ozt ; 1.085992 Fine Ag)
~63 years in circulation, (Best) Wear: 0.044647467 Grain, per year. 1906: Where the Carolus Dollar was 0.838541667 Ozt, assumed .899 Fine S$ 1. (Carolus Avg.) = 0.83854 Ozt. 1906: 1,000 S$ Dollars (Carolus Avg.) ~ 838.54 Ozt
"Finest known example" : modern reproduction?
Peru. 8-Reales, 1808 (Lima) J.P., MS 64: 26.51 g (~409.11 grains)
S$ 1. (1809, Chile) = 0.8703 Ozt. (417.75 Grains) .896 Fine Ag S$ 1. (1808) = 0.8684 Ozt. (416.832 Grains) .896 Fine Ag
S$ 1. (1808) = 0.838542 Ozt. : -3.65% ; -3.44% Light ~96 years in circulation, (Avg.) Wear: ~0.15889 - 0.14929 Grain, per year.
